What are hiccups❓ 

 A reflex: the muscle under the lungs (diaphragm) contracts, the top of the windpipe closes making a ‘hic’ sound 👂

 Persistent hiccups: last more than 48 hours ⏱ 

 Caused by many underlying diseases such as gut problems/strong emotions 

 Intractable hiccups: last more than 1 month 📅

What are the symptoms of hiccups❓ 

 Having hiccups 

How do you diagnose persistent hiccups❓ 

 Having classical symptoms 

 Physical examination 

 Blood tests (example, c-reactive protein to check for inflammation) 💉

 Heart tracing 💗

 Chest X-ray 

How do you treat hiccups❓ 

 Self-help remedies: breath holding, breathing into a paper bag, swallowing water whilst closing the nose 👃

 Persistent hiccups: treatment depends on underlying cause 

 If no improvement, chlorpromazine (medicine) 💊

Why should I worry about hiccups❓ 

 Persistent hiccups: 

 Tiredness 💤

 Poor sleep 💤